Finding the right bibliographic/reference tool
- Published 2005-02-06 (3 years, 5 months ago)
- Updated 2007-02-01 (1 year, 5 months ago)
Handling references and bibliographic information is an essential part of all research. Summarized, this task can be divided into three parts:
- Finding
- Organizing
- Displaying/formatting
As a PhD student, I need tools to help me with these tasks. In this article I will share with you some thoughts and experiences I have had during my search for the right bibliographic tool.
Update: Added Referencer to the list of tools.
Update: Added RRiki to the list of tools.
Update: Added KBibTeX to the list of tools.
What I am looking for
Finding references has become quite easy. Services like Engineering Village , IEEE Xplorer and many others make it a breeze to search huge online bibliographic databases. Thousands of reference records and full-text articles are available for download, making it easy to have your own personal library stored on your hard disk. A good bibliographic tool should make it easy to import and organize downloaded references and documents.
When it comes to formatting bibliographic information in articles and reports, there is for me only one option: BibTeX and LaTeX. BibTeX uses style files to produce bibliographies, and handles all the formatting. Some bibliographic tools come with hundreds of output styles for different publications. For me this is not important, since I let BibTeX do all the work.
Many people use MS Word, even though Word is not well suited for writing scientific papers and technical reports. Most of the commercial bibliographic software can easily be integrated with MS Word. However, for me it is more important to have BibTeX support than a nifty Word plug-in.
So what I am looking for in a bibliographic tool is:
- Easy to import references from online sources.
- Must support common bibliographic formats, especially BibTeX.
- It should be possible to organize references in categories, by authors, by keywords etc.
- Nice and functional GUI
- Non-hassle interface with BibTeX and LaTeX.
- Easy access to electronic documents and URLs.
- MS Windows compatible. Cross platform is a plus
- Should not cost me a lot of money :-)
The tools
A quick search on the Internet reveals that there are many tools to choose from. Fortunately there exist a few web pages that have links to and describes most of them. Two such pages are:
- Bibliographic Related Software and Standards Information
- Open standards and software for bibliographies and cataloging
The latter covers only free and open source tools.
Commercial software
The most popular commercial tools seem to be:
All three are from Thomson ResearchSoft. They have a long history and are recommended by many universities . Their user interface seems to be unchanged since the Windows 3.1 era, and would have benefited from a face lift. They are all quite similar in functionality and have tons of import/export filters and output styles. ProCite also has some nice functionality for organizing references in groups.
Some tools with more modern user interfaces are:
- Biblioscape
- Bibliographix
- Bookends (Mac only)
- BibTeXMng
The first three programs on the list have much of the same functionality as the software from Thomson. Biblioscape and Bibliographix have built in word processors that let you write notes and drafts. They also offer functionality for organizing references in folders. BibTeXMng is a shareware program for manipulating BibTeX files.
If you do not need software that runs on your personal computer, there exist tools that only need a browser and a connection to the Internet. Two such tools are:
Free and open source software
I have always been attracted to free and open source software. I have no principles against commercial software, but when I compare free and commercial software in cost-benefit terms, free and open source software tends to win.
Among the free software are most of the tools that use the BibTeX format as their native database or output format:
- BibEdit
- A small and simple program for creating and editing BibTeX files. No import or export functionality. Windows only.
- BibDB
- A BibTeX database manager, bundled with Scientific Workplace. Has an ancient looking GUI, but has a decent set of features.
- JabRef
- A Java based graphical front end to manage BibTeX databases. Nice GUI, can easily import from online sources and is actively developed.
- Pybliographer
- A framework for managing bibliographic databases. Written in Python. Provides a scripting environment and a Gnome GUI. Can also be used with formats other than BibTeX.
- BibDesk
- Graphical BibTeX-bibliography manager for Mac OS X.
- KBibTeX
- A graphical BibTeX editor for KDE.
- Referencer
- A Gnome application for organizing documents and references. Supports automatic meta data retrieval if a DOI code or ArXiV ID is available.
My favourite is currently JabRef. It is an excellent program. The group functionality in JabRef has improved a lot in the latest versions and is now quite powerful. The import-filters are not perfect, but JabRef is constantly evolving and they will probably be improved in future versions.
I am attracted to Pybliographer since it is written in Python, my favourite programming language. Sadly the GUI only runs on Linux, and it does not have all the features of JabRef.
All of the tools above are basically front ends for plain BibTeX files. I find this very convenient and it's a good solution for single users. However, if a bibliographic database is to be used and edited by multiple users, it may be a problem to keep everything in a single BibTeX file. A solution to this problem may be to have an online bibliographic database with a web front end. Some such tools are:
- WIKINDX
- A web based bibliographic and quotations/notes management and article authoring system designed either for single use or multi-user collaborative use across the Internet.
- refbase
- A web-based, platform-independent, multi-user interface for managing scientific literature and citations
- Aigaion
- A web-based platform for managing annotated bibliographies. It allows the user(s) to order publications in a self-chosen topic structure
All of the tools run on the Apache web server with PHP and MySQL. They have good support for BibTeX, but they also support other bibliographic formats compatible with Endnote, Refman, Procite etc. The main strength of a web based tool is that multiple users can use and maintain a common bibliographic database. Personally, I find web applications a bit awkward to use compared to desktop applications. However, with technologies like AJAX, web applications will become more attractive.
RRiki is an interesting mix between a desktop application and a web application:
- RRiki
- A tool for storing and organizing information on citations for sources (articles,books etc), notes, figures and dossiers on researchers. RRiki uses the Ruby-On-Rails framework to display and store information on a MySQL database via a web-browser.
For information about other free tools, take a look at the Open standards and software for bibliographies and cataloging page.
Concluding remarks
I am currently using JabRef for organizing my bibliographic information. It satisfies many of my needs. Some of the commercial alternatives may have more features, but most of them are too MS Word oriented and lack proper BibTeX support. I am also reluctant to pay for software when the free alternatives are so good.
The web based tools are very interesting alternatives, but with my current work flow I prefer to work directly with the BibTeX files. However, I see the usefulness of having an online bibliographic database and I will probably create one in the near future in addition to my personal BibTeX database.
I still haven't found the perfect bibliographic tool. However, by choosing open source tools I can contribute to and influence the development. My first contribution is BibConverter, a simple web-application that converts citations from IEEEXplore, Engineering Village and ISI Web of Science to the BibTeX format. The tool outputs BibTeX records that are more accurate and contains more information than when using the export functionality of IEEEXplore and EV2. Read more about BibConverter in a separate notebook entry.

Comments
Hi,
I'd appreciate it if you could check out RRiki which is a rails based notes and citation manager that uses MySQL as backend.
I wrote it during my PhD and have used it since. I'd appreciate getting usability notes/suggestions from another user.
thanks -kaushik
@Kaushik
RRiki looks really interesting. I will take a look at it and update the notebook entry. I just have to install a Ruby on Rails environment first.
Update: Added RRiki to the list of tools.
Hi
is there any tool that generates a bibtex entry from a given pdf-file by duing a litle text-mining?
if anyone knows a good tool, please email me mcNOSPAMmenace ATTgmxDOTTnet (remove all capitals to obtain my email add)
McMenace
@McMenace
I'm not aware of any such tool. Jabref 2.2beta has the ability to add XMP annotations to linked PDF files. Maybe this is a step in the right direction.
Have a look at Referencer. It's a Gnome application with a slick user interface and some clever magic for fetching papers' metadata from crossref.org for papers with DOI codes, or arxiv.org for eprints.
Please consider adding it to your growing list. A very interesting resource, by the way, thanks for keeping it maintained.
@jcs
Thanks for the link to Referencer. Looks interesting. I'll add it to the list soon.
Update: Added Referencer to the list of tools.
I am looking for MAC freeware for managing my references. I came across Papyrus, downloadable free from www.researchsoftwaredesign.com. They seem to have stopped further development.
How does Papyrus compare with Bibdesk, etc.? I will be grateful for advice.
@Rajagopalan
Unfortunately I don't have a Mac, so I haven't tried Papyrus or Bibdesk. From the feature list it seems that Papyrus is a good tool, but has some problems running on newer versions of OsX and Intel Macs.
If you prefer to work with LaTeX and BibTex, Bibdesk or Jabref is probably a better alternative. They are both actively developed. My best advice is to download all of the tools and try them.
Comparison of reference management software on Wikipedia might be helpful.
Thanks for the link atom prober. I think it is time to update the notebook entry again with more links.
@McMenace (and others)
Automatic citation data extractor for PDF files
cb2bib
Hi there!
First I'd like to say that I like your web site very much. As for bibliography issues: I personally quite hate BibTeX, mostly for its non-flexibility (unless you learn a weird language of the .bst files) and English-orientedness. A few years ago I discovered amsrefs, which is a really great package for making bibliographies. It would be interesting to see some GUI-type frontend for amsrefs (personally, I would prefer an Emacs module;), but I can do with what I have now). amsrefs is written entirely in TeX, and e.g. changing the style of your bibliography is very easy for, say, intermediate LaTeX users who are capable of reading manuals. (amsrefs also can import BibTeX .bib files, but I've never used this feature - I prefer the native amsrefs format, which is much better.)
Ah, and one more thing: did I mention I like this site?
@Marcin Thank you for your comment!
I agree that BibTeX's postfix stack language is a bit strange. I guess it runs in the family. TeX and Metafont are quite strange too. However, the I like the flexibility and simplicity of the bib file format, and as long as I don't have to modify the bst files, I'm happy.
I have never tried alternatives like amsrefs and biblatex. I probably should. Biblatex is quite new, but looks very promising. If amsrefs work with bib files, you should be able to use Jabref as a GUI.
Hi.
I was also on the way to pyBibliographer for very similar reasons to yours, but unfortunately, I'm afraid it's still a bit behind JabRef for now (not to mention the fact the Gnome dependence forbids to have the same GUI on other platforms).
So, I'm going ahead with JabRef for now. I have some fear about the work needed to take into account my big collection of already downloaded full-text materials (pdf and ps files) and to retrieve all their references. But I'll definitely enjoy the automatic Emacs insertion and customizable bibkey generation as I'm used to a certain bibkey format in all my manually filled bibfiles.
One other promising software is zotero.org's Zotero, a Firefox extension.
I am deeply interested in finding a suitable reference management software after recently finishing my Phd Thesis. I used BibTex, but I seriously doubt it is something to live into the future. I have just come across Bibus. It looks wonderful for a medical writer like me. It imports nicely from PubMed!!. It also integrates well into OpenOffice. (I no longer use MS Office). And about output styles, there are only a few built in, but extension from them looks easy.
I would like to know other people's opinions on the matter.
@Emilio García Morán
BibTeX has been around since 1985, and I do not think it will disappear soon. As I see it, BibTeX consists of two parts:
The bib file format is very simple and flexible. Writing custom bst style files is not easy. However, there are very promising alternatives like biblatex and Pybtex that hopefully will make it much easier.
BibTeX is a tool for storing, formatting and sorting bibliographic information. All other necessities like database imports, organizing, note taking, and so on, has to be done by a front end. BibTeX can not help you much with such things, except with providing a flexible file format for storing the information. Having this in mind, it is up to you to find a tool that fits your workflow and requirements.
I have never tried Bibus. It is written in Python, which is always a plus. The feature list does not mention BibTeX as output format, so it is probably not a tool suited for LaTeX users yet.
Hi, I´m looking for a reference management software (freeware) for linux with a possibility to import databases from commercial Reference manager. thx a lot, Pete
@Pete Ha
Jabref should be able to import databases from Reference manager. Jabref supports the following input formats:
Reference manager is not listed, but you can probably export the database from Reference manager in a format that Jabref can understand.
@Pete Ha
Reference Manager exports RIS, which nearly every bibliographic application can import (including JabRef, bibus, refbase, and Zotero). If you find a quirky app that can't import RIS, you can convert it to BibTeX or MODS XML or some other format with 'bibutils.'
Do you have any idea of a ref manger programm that allows you to import all your text files at once; as in a batch operation kind of way? Cause it's a pain to import more than 500 ref one by one to the database. Thanks.
@FM
Jabref lets you select multiple files when importing references. I guess that will help if you want to use BibTeX and your references are in a format that Jabref can understand.
Thanks for the quick response Kjell; it will help me a lot. Thanks mate!
You may also want to take a look at Zotero, a Firefox plugin that makes it a breeze to pull in bibliographic data from any document on the web. Although it maintains its own database and can format entries, it also painlessly exports its records in several formats, including BibTeX, which allows you to import these records into JabRef.
I've only been using the Zotero+JabRef combination for two days, and I absolutely love them. There are a few shortcomings, but as of now, I'm not sure if it's because of my own lack of experience with the packages or if the features are actually missing.
Good to see such reviews. I recommend that you either remove BibDesk from the list of clients, or make a note that you could not try it. I read in comments that you could not try that OS X software, and the article implies that you have tried all of the listed clients and recommend JabRef.
I'm not affiliated to BibDesk but I believe that it is by far the most recommendable software for OS X. It is very usable, supports many databases contemporarily, can import from many formats from file, web, clipboard or drag&drop, stores publications automatically, supports keyword grouping and can search autonomously on the Web of Science, the Library of Congress and PubMed and has a definitely pleasant interface.
I have used Scholar's Aid because it is fast, free, versatile and it can output references in APA style which is important to me because I work in the field of Psychology. Their website is http://scholarsaid.com/index.html. They have both freeware and low-cost commercial versions. Cheers- G
This site is great for comparing the reference managers that are available. At the moment I’m using jabref and it is so great that I don’t want to switch. But I have stopped using the Word/EndNote combination, will probably continue using a mix of LaTeX and OpenOffice, and I’m looking at the moment for a manager that
I now saw that Zotero and Bibus both support OpenOffice, but neither of them use BibTeX as their native format. Apparently there now is something in OpenOffice itself as well (should be well integrated). Do you know of any ref managers that are OpenOffice-native and export BibTeX (or the other way around)? Thanks!
@AlleMeije. Thank you for you comment.
I now that Jabref can save to formats compatible with OpenOffice. On the jabref-users list there also have been some talk about a special OpenOffice plugin. I don't know the current status.
OpenOffice has some useful bibliographic information on its wiki. Maybe you can find some tips there.
I wonder why don't you mention a very good reference manager RefDB. I use it for more than a year; it can do a lot of things.
@Kusmin The article is badly in need of an update. Tools like Zotero and RefDB are missing. Thank you for pointing this out.
I've been using KBibTex for a while now since I switched over to linux. For me it's quite useful because it has a simple, no fuss GUI that does one thing, i.e. let's you add and maintain references. Its also got the nice feature of being able to select the references you want to cite and copying those citations into your latex code, which as anyone writing a thesis knows can be pain if you have to remember the key you used for a particular article. I should comment that under Endnote (at least version 9, haven't used 10 yet), you can export to BibTex but the output filter has something screwy in it that I had to change otherwise Bibtex complains. Anyhow, I've long since migrated to BibTex so it's not an issue. What I would like to see though is something to generate custom bst files. Generally it's not an issue, but when your thesis advisor comes to you and asks for one specific element in your references to be in italic rather than bold it would help. Any ideas?
@Paul
The only tool I know of is custom-bib available on CTAN. It comes with a tool called makebst. It can generate a bst file for you based on your preferences. You should give it a try. See the documentation for details.
Hi. Thanks for the information. I use LaTeX for produce my papers and my Ph.D. dissertation in biblical exegesis. I found BIBLATEX more powerfull than BIBTEX and works fine with CSQUOTES, both implemets a multilingual approach for bibliographic and quotation information. You can use JabRef as well adding some personalized fields.
Hi. You might like to take a look at ReferenceChecker (http://www.goodcitations.com). An easy-to-use reference-checking macro that checks if references in a Word document are cited correctly
Looking over your list, you might also look at/include cb2bib, it can extract information from PDFs and write to your bibliography database.
http://www.molspaces.com/cb2bib/
I'd like to add kbib, a bibtex-tool for kde, available at http://user.digisurf.com.au/~thachly/kbib/, which is very good adaptable to biblatex-specific entry types and fields and supports various search types (such as z39.50). Greetings, Ben
Thank you Paul, Adam and Benjamin for the links to the tools! I will include them in the next revision of the survey. Thank you for sharing.
I found a Windows program called Wibtex at http://www.wibtex.de/en/index.htm. I have not used it, but it looks interesting. It interfaces with BibTex, Tex and Word. Written by a German and translated to French, Spanish, and English.
"On the jabref-users list there also have been some talk about a special OpenOffice plugin. I don't know the current status."
See http://www.itk.ntnu.no/ansatte/Alver_Omholt_Morten/jabref/OOPlugin.html
I found this comparison of reference management software and it reminded me of this page, maybe it helps someone to get the "big picture" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software
greets, R
Thanks for the breakdown, the comments and descriptions are really helpful. I just wanted to add that EndNote has gotten the face lift you mentioned (lol) and the newer versions are much more user-friendly. Might be worth looking at again. And EndNote Web too.
Hello there,
Would you please advice for a selection of a software (open source) system to manage a collection of books, refeered and unfeered publications, reports & images collected and used in a library. We seek this information available for a group of staff including researchers etc., through a Microsoft Windows-based network, and administered by a librarian (multiuser). It will be very interesting if the client part can access the information through a web front-end. In addition, indexing of commonly used document types will be extremely useful. While our initial search for a suitable system, we found RefDB may provide the basic things (though we did not test it) we look for. Would you please provide your advice on this subject?
Thank you in advance
@Basheer
I'm afraid that I can't give much advice on that subject. I only have experience with BibTeX front end tools, and I don't think tools like Jabref is what you are looking for. Maybe some of the web based tools have the features that you are looking for.
I recommend taking a look at the wikipedia article mentioned in the Richard's comment. The article has some very useful comparison tables.
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